electronics fundamental

                       CHAPTER 1

Types of material: -

1.     Conductor

2.     Semi-conductor

3.     Insulator

4.     Inert

 Current: -

                Flow of charge in certain direction is known as current.

Voltage: -

            Voltage is the force which sets electrons into motion.

AC VS DC: -

	Ac ü Created by mechanical process. ü Use to rectification. ü Cheap ü Variable & bidirectional ü Transmission is very easy ü Easily convertible into dc		Dc ü Created by chemical process. ü Use to inversion. ü Costly ü Fixed and unidirectional ü Transmission is not possible ü Conversion process is tough

AC:-

                Alternating current is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct current which flows only in one direction.

DC:-

                Direct current is the unidirectional flow of an electric charge.A battery is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams.

                   CHAPTER-II (ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS)

There are two types of electronic components.

i):-Active component-----------------(diode,transistor,IC)

ii):-Passive component--------------(resistor,capacitor,inductor)

Resistor: -

            A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

                             Types of resistor

i):-fixed

ii):-variable

TDR:- temperature dependent resistor VDR:- voltage dependent resistor LDR:- light dependent resistor                         TYPES OF TDR PTC NTC

                                               

Capacitor

Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge. The capacitor is made of 2 close conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric material. The plates accumulate electric charge when connected to power source.

Types of capacitor

1.electrolytic

2.non-electrolyitc

Inductor

An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or coil. The inductance is directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil.

                             Semi-conductor

DIODE:-

ü Diode is a polar component

ü Diode is also known as electronic valve

ü In the process of conversion from ac to dc is called rectification,

ü And the circuite is used in this process called rectifier

1.half wave rectifier

2.full wave rectifier

                                    Types of diode

1.p-n junction (rectifier).

2.photh diode (solar)

3.LED (BULB)

4.ZENER (voltage regulation)

                             Transistor

There are two types of transistor’

1.bipolar transistor=bjt

2.field effect transistor=fet

                   Transistor

Transistor is a semiconductor device that can both conduct and insulate. A transistor can act as a switch and an amplifier. It converts audio waves into electronic waves and resistor, controlling electronic current.

Que:-

             How many types of transistor?

Ans:- Transistors are basically classified into two types; they are Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) and Field Effect Transistors (FET). The BJTs are again classified into NPN and PNP transistors

Npn transistor

  The transistor in which one p-type material is placed between two n-type materials is known as NPN transistor. The NPN transistor amplifies the weak signal enter into the base and produces strong amplify signals at the collector end.

Pnp transistor

The transistor in which one n-type material is doped with two p-type materials such type of transistor is known as PNP transistor. It is a current controlled device. The small amount of base current controlled both the emitter and collector current.

                                Chapter 3   (soldering)

 Soldering

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and then flowing a filler metal into the joint—the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. Soldering is used to form a permanent connection between electronic components.

Components used in soldering

Soldering iron

A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can flow into the joint between two workpieces. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle.

Solder

Solder is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal workpieces.

Soldering paste

A solder paste is essentially powder metal solder suspended in a thick medium called flux.

Soldering iron stand

Desoldering pump

Wire cutter

Long nose pliers

Screw driver